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1 Frost, James
[br]b. late 18th century Finchley (?), London, Englandd. mid-19th century probably New York, USA[br]English contributor to investigations into the making of hydraulic cements in the early nineteenth century.[br]As early as 1807 Frost, who was originally a builder and bricklayer in Finchley in north London, was manufacturing Roman Cement, patented by James Parker in 1796, in the Harwich area and a similar cement further south, at Sheerness. In the early 1820s Frost visited Louis J.Vicat (1796–1861) in France. Vicat was a French engineer who began in 1812 a detailed investigation into the properties of various limestones found in France. He later published his conclusions, which were that the best hydraulic lime was that produced from limestone containing clay incorporating silica and alumina. He experimented with adding different clays in varying proportions to slaked lime and calcined the mixture. Benefiting from Vicat's research, Frost obtained a patent in 1822 for what he called British Cement. This patent specified an artificial cement made from limestone and silica, and he calcined chalk with the clay to produce a quick-setting product. This was made at Swanscombe near Northfleet on the south bank of the River Thames. In 1833 the Swanscombe manufactory was purchased by Francis \& White for £3,500 and Frost emigrated to America, setting up practice as a civil engineer in New York. The cement was utilized by Sir Marc Brunel in 1835 in his construction of the Thames Tunnel, and at the same time it was used in building the first all-concrete house at Swanscombe for Mr White.[br]Further ReadingA.J.Francis, 1977, The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History, David \& Charles. C.C.Stanley, 1979, Highlights in the History of Concrete, Cement and Concrete Association.DY -
2 Civil engineering
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3 Architecture and building
Biographical history of technology > Architecture and building
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4 diamond
['daɪəmənd] 1. сущ.1) алмаз; бриллиантflawless / perfect diamond — чистый бриллиант
rough / uncut diamond — неотшлифованный алмаз
to cut / grind / polish a diamond — шлифовать, гранить бриллиант
The grass is covered with minute diamonds of white frost. — Трава покрыта мельчайшими, сверкающими как алмазы, частичками инея.
glazier's diamond, cutting diamond — алмаз для резки стекла
3) мат. ромбSyn:4) ( diamonds) карт. бубны5) амер. площадка для игры в бейсбол6) полигр. диамант ( мелкий шрифт)••2. прил.diamond cut diamond — один другому не уступит, они достойные противники (ср. русск. Нашла коса на камень.)
1) алмазный, сделанный из алмазаdiamond dust / powder тех. — алмазный порошок
3) ромбовидный, ромбоидальныйSyn:••3. гл.Diamond State амер. — "Бриллиантовый штат" ( прозвище штата Делавэр)
The tears rolled over the long lashes, and diamonded her cheek. (A. James) — Слёзы катились по длинным ресницам и блестели у неё на щеках как бриллианты.
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5 Aspdin, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 1778 Leeds, Englandd. 20 March 1855 Wakefield (?), England[br]English pioneer in the development of the cement industry.[br]Joseph Aspdin was the eldest of the six children of Thomas Aspdin, a bricklayer. He became interested in making advanced cements for rendering brickwork and, on 21 October 1824, patented a calcined mixture of limestone, clay and water that he called Portland Cement because he thought it resembled Portland Stone in colour.Aspdin established his first cement works at Kirkgate in Wakefield in 1825: this was demolished in 1838 due to railway development, and a new works was established in the town in 1843. A year later Joseph Aspdin retired and handed the business over to his elder son James. Meanwhile, William, a younger son of Joseph, had also entered the business of manufacturing cement. Born in Leeds on 23 September 1815, he joined his father's firm at the age of 14, but left in 1841 to set up his own firm at Rotherhithe, London. There he manufactured an improved cement that was better and stronger than Parker's Roman Cement, probably because it contained a higher proportion of clinkered material. Further improvements were made during the following years and new factories were established, first at Northfleet in Kent and later at Gateshead on the south bank of the River Tyne (1853). It is interesting that Sir Marc Brunel later preferred to use William Aspdin's cement in the Thames railway tunnel construction because of its greater strength (see Frost). William Aspdin died at Itzehoe in Germany in 1864.[br]Further ReadingA.J.Francis, 1977, The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History, David \& Charles.DY
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